Examples: | Australian Aborigines, Eskimo, etc. | Navaho, Hopi, Fulani, etc. | Ancient Egypt, France, U.S., etc. |
POLITICAL | band societies | tribal societies | state societies |
KINSHIP | nuclear family | extended family | nuclear family |
RELIGION | monotheism | polytheism | monotheism |
ECONOMY | hunter-gatherer | horticulture, pastoralism | agriculture, industry |
White colonialists often claimed tribal societies were "primitive" because they believed in polytheism and did not have nuclear families. But small scale hunter-gatherer societies also tend to have monotheism and nuclear families, just like large scale state societies. There is no "ladder" of cultural acheivement; the diversity of social forms simply represents the diverse ways in which different cultures meet their needs.